1. Python Plot Library Better Than Matplotlib
2. Python Plot Functions
3. Math Plot Library Python Machine
4. Plot In Python Example
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6. Math Plot Library Python Mac Tutorial
7. Python Math Plot Lib

This module is always available. It provides access to the mathematicalfunctions defined by the C standard.

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These functions cannot be used with complex numbers; use the functions of thesame name from the cmath module if you require support for complexnumbers. The distinction between functions which support complex numbers andthose which don’t is made since most users do not want to learn quite as muchmathematics as required to understand complex numbers. Receiving an exceptioninstead of a complex result allows earlier detection of the unexpected complexnumber used as a parameter, so that the programmer can determine how and why itwas generated in the first place.

The following functions are provided by this module. Except when explicitlynoted otherwise, all return values are floats.

9.2.1. Number-theoretic and representation functions¶

Return the ceiling of x as a float, the smallest integer value greater than orequal to x.

Return x with the sign of y. On a platform that supportssigned zeros, copysign(1.0,-0.0) returns -1.0.

Return the absolute value of x.

Return x factorial. Raises ValueError if x is not integral oris negative.

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New in version 2.6.

Return the floor of x as a float, the largest integer value less than or equalto x.

Return fmod(x,y), as defined by the platform C library. Note that thePython expression x%y may not return the same result. The intent of the Cstandard is that fmod(x,y) be exactly (mathematically; to infiniteprecision) equal to x-n*y for some integer n such that the result hasthe same sign as x and magnitude less than abs(y). Python’s x%yreturns a result with the sign of y instead, and may not be exactly computablefor float arguments. For example, fmod(-1e-100,1e100) is -1e-100, butthe result of Python’s -1e-100%1e100 is 1e100-1e-100, which cannot berepresented exactly as a float, and rounds to the surprising 1e100. Forthis reason, function fmod() is generally preferred when working withfloats, while Python’s x%y is preferred when working with integers.

Return the mantissa and exponent of x as the pair (m,e). m is a floatand e is an integer such that xm*2**e exactly. If x is zero,returns (0.0,0), otherwise 0.5<=abs(m)<1. This is used to “pickapart” the internal representation of a float in a portable way.

Return an accurate floating point sum of values in the iterable. Avoidsloss of precision by tracking multiple intermediate partial sums:

The algorithm’s accuracy depends on IEEE-754 arithmetic guarantees and thetypical case where the rounding mode is half-even. On some non-Windowsbuilds, the underlying C library uses extended precision addition and mayoccasionally double-round an intermediate sum causing it to be off in itsleast significant bit.

For further discussion and two alternative approaches, see the ASPN cookbookrecipes for accurate floating point summation.

New in version 2.6.

Check if the float x is positive or negative infinity.

Check if the float x is a NaN (not a number). For more informationon NaNs, see the IEEE 754 standards.

New in version 2.6.

Return x*(2**i). This is essentially the inverse of functionfrexp().

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Return the fractional and integer parts of x. Both results carry the signof x and are floats.

Return the Real value x truncated to anIntegral (usually a long integer). Uses the__trunc__ method.

Note that frexp() and modf() have a different call/return patternthan their C equivalents: they take a single argument and return a pair ofvalues, rather than returning their second return value through an ‘outputparameter’ (there is no such thing in Python).

For the ceil(), floor(), and modf() functions, note that allfloating-point numbers of sufficiently large magnitude are exact integers.Python floats typically carry no more than 53 bits of precision (the same as theplatform C double type), in which case any float x with abs(x)>=2**52necessarily has no fractional bits.

9.2.2. Power and logarithmic functions¶

Return e**x.

Return e**x-1. For small floats x, the subtraction inexp(x)-1 can result in a significant loss of precision; theexpm1() function provides a way to compute this quantity tofull precision:

New in version 2.7.

With one argument, return the natural logarithm of x (to base e).

With two arguments, return the logarithm of x to the given base,calculated as log(x)/log(base).

Return the natural logarithm of 1+x (base e). Theresult is calculated in a way which is accurate for x near zero.

New in version 2.6.

Return the base-10 logarithm of x. This is usually more accuratethan log(x,10).

Return x raised to the power y. Exceptional cases followAnnex ‘F’ of the C99 standard as far as possible. In particular,pow(1.0,x) and pow(x,0.0) always return 1.0, evenwhen x is a zero or a NaN. If both x and y are finite,x is negative, and y is not an integer then pow(x,y)is undefined, and raises ValueError.

Unlike the built-in ** operator, math.pow() converts bothits arguments to type float. Use ** or the built-inpow() function for computing exact integer powers.

Changed in version 2.6: The outcome of 1**nan and nan**0 was undefined.

Return the square root of x.

9.2.3. Trigonometric functions¶

Return the arc cosine of x, in radians.

Return the arc sine of x, in radians.

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Return the arc tangent of x, in radians.

Return atan(y/x), in radians. The result is between -pi and pi.The vector in the plane from the origin to point (x,y) makes this anglewith the positive X axis. The point of atan2() is that the signs of bothinputs are known to it, so it can compute the correct quadrant for the angle.For example, atan(1) and atan2(1,1) are both pi/4, but atan2(-1,-1) is -3*pi/4.

Return the cosine of x radians.

Return the Euclidean norm, sqrt(x*x+y*y). This is the length of the vectorfrom the origin to point (x,y).

Return the sine of x radians.

Return the tangent of x radians.

9.2.4. Angular conversion¶

Convert angle x from radians to degrees.

Convert angle x from degrees to radians.

9.2.5. Hyperbolic functions¶

Return the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x.

Return the inverse hyperbolic sine of x.

New in version 2.6.

Return the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x.

Return the hyperbolic cosine of x.

Return the hyperbolic sine of x.

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Return the hyperbolic tangent of x.

9.2.6. Special functions¶

Return the error function at x.

Return the complementary error function at x.

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New in version 2.7.

Return the Gamma function at x.

Return the natural logarithm of the absolute value of the Gammafunction at x.

New in version 2.7.

9.2.7. Constants¶

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The mathematical constant π = 3.141592…, to available precision.

The mathematical constant e = 2.718281…, to available precision.

CPython implementation detail: The math module consists mostly of thin wrappers around the platform Cmath library functions. Behavior in exceptional cases follows Annex F ofthe C99 standard where appropriate. The current implementation will raiseValueError for invalid operations like sqrt(-1.0) or log(0.0)(where C99 Annex F recommends signaling invalid operation or divide-by-zero),and OverflowError for results that overflow (for example,exp(1000.0)). A NaN will not be returned from any of the functionsabove unless one or more of the input arguments was a NaN; in that case,most functions will return a NaN, but (again following C99 Annex F) thereare some exceptions to this rule, for example pow(float('nan'),0.0) orhypot(float('nan'),float('inf')).

Note that Python makes no effort to distinguish signaling NaNs fromquiet NaNs, and behavior for signaling NaNs remains unspecified.Typical behavior is to treat all NaNs as though they were quiet.

Changed in version 2.6: Behavior in special cases now aims to follow C99 Annex F. In earlierversions of Python the behavior in special cases was loosely specified.

See also

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Python Math Plot Lib

Complex number versions of many of these functions.